I don't think that dwarves are individually that much more resistant to disease than other races. They live in rather crowded conditions, so they are probably actually more vulnerable to epidemics than most people. However, they have a very well-controlled society, so they can use public health regulations that nobody else would tolerate.
When disease breaks out in a dwarf community, there is an immediate quarantine imposed. All areas that are infected are closed off and nobody crosses the lines. Transmission is now confined to the areas already infected. A brutal triage system is employed. Valued craftsmen are treated with all available resources, if they don't recover then they are recycled. Replaceable workers who are ill are recycled before they can infect anyone else. Those who haven't shown symptoms are kept in quarantine until they get sick (and then recycled) or the epidemic burns out.
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