http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/climate/lectures/atm_phys5. html
Adiabatic is 9.8 degrees C per 1000m (let's just approximate and call it 1 degree C per 100 m (or 330ft) between friends). So yes it is colder at altitude. I assume this holds true in Glorantha. The Inora explanation seems a good one....
However warm air raises so in a valley the warm air often rises to be filled by colder air sliding down the mountainside, 'trapping' a pocket of cold in the valley bottom. I certainly postulated this for Wintertop vale.
> So that the sun would seem to be at the same position and height
>at noon in fire season as at noon in dark season?
No it slips from the equatorial path - mythically to do with Yelm being in the underworld (substitute your own solar myth of course) IIRC. I agree that the sun will likely seem weaker in winter - as if at higher latitudes with thicker air perhaps - as the darkness asserts itself.
> But the days do get shorter and longer by season, so
> presumably he travels faster or slower depending on season?
Well perhaps has to spend more time attending to affairs in the
underworld every night...
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